Gaia Data Release 1: Open cluster astrometry: Performance, limitations, and future prospects

  1. Van Leeuwen, F. 88
  2. Vallenari, A. 77
  3. Jordi, C. 85
  4. Lindegren, L. 111
  5. Bastian, U. 12
  6. Prusti, T. 131
  7. De Bruijne, J.H.J. 131
  8. Brown, A.G.A. 109
  9. Babusiaux, C. 62
  10. Bailer-Jones, C.A.L. 112
  11. Biermann, M. 12
  12. Evans, D.W. 88
  13. Eyer, L. 28
  14. Jansen, F. 115
  15. Klioner, S.A. 110
  16. Lammers, U. 54
  17. Luri, X. 85
  18. Mignard, F. 104
  19. Panem, C. 21
  20. Pourbaix, D. 82
  21. Randich, S. 72
  22. Sartoretti, P. 62
  23. Siddiqui, H.I. 54
  24. Soubiran, C. 101
  25. Valette, V. 21
  26. Walton, N.A. 88
  27. Aerts, C. 95
  28. Arenou, F. 62
  29. Cropper, M. 116
  30. Drimmel, R. 74
  31. Høg, E. 120
  32. Katz, D. 62
  33. Lattanzi, M.G. 74
  34. O'Mullane, W. 54
  35. Grebel, E.K. 12
  36. Holland, A.D. 20
  37. Huc, C. 21
  38. Passot, X. 21
  39. Perryman, M. 131
  40. González-Marcos, Ana. 32
  41. A. Bello García 157
  42. J. Gallegos 132
  43. Alle Autoren anzeigen +
  1. 1 Airbus Defence and Space SAS, 31 rue des Cosmonautes, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
  2. 2 AKKA for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  3. 3 ALTEC S.p.a, Corso Marche, 79, Torino, Italy
  4. 4 APAVE SUDEUROPE SAS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  5. 5 Applied Physics Department, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
  6. 6 Área de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, Sevilla, Spain
  7. 7 Argelander Institut für Astronomie der Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, Bonn, Germany
  8. 8 ASI Science Data Center, Via del Politecnico SNC, Roma, Italy
  9. 9 Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Fričova 298, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
  10. 10 Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94249, GE Amsterdam, Netherlands
  11. 11 Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, ul. Słoneczna 36, Poznań, Poland
  12. 12 Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, Heidelberg, Germany
  13. 13 Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
  14. 14 ATOS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  15. 15 Aurora Technology for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  16. 16 Baja Observatory of University of Szeged, Szegedi út III/70, Baja, Hungary
  17. 17 BarcelonaSupercomputing Center, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, c/Jordi Girona 29, Ed. Nexus II Barcelona, Spain
  18. 18 Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), C/o Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen, Germany
  19. 19 CENTRA, Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL, Campo Grande, Edif. C8, Lisboa, Portugal
  20. 20 Centre for Electronic Imaging, Department of Physical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, AA Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
  21. 21 CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  22. 22 Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya, C/Gran Capità, 2-4 3rd floor, Barcelona, Spain
  23. 23 CRAAG-Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l'Observatoire, Algiers, Algeria
  24. 24 CSC Danmark A/S, Retortvej 8, Valby, Denmark
  25. 25 CS Systèmes d'Information for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  26. 26 Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESA-ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo S/n., Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  27. 27 Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, Versoix, Switzerland
  28. 28 Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, Versoix, Switzerland
  29. 29 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
  30. 30 Department of Astrophysics Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos Athens, Greece
  31. 31 Department of Geosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  32. 32 Universidad de La Rioja
    info

    Universidad de La Rioja

    Logroño, España

    ROR https://ror.org/0553yr311

  33. 33 Department of Physics, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, United States
  34. 34 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, Sweden
  35. 35 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, United States
  36. 36 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Notre Dame University, Zouk Mikaël, PO Box 72, Lebanon
  37. 37 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, United Kingdom
  38. 38 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 8, Padova, Italy
  39. 39 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
  40. 40 Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), 1050 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO, United States
  41. 41 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, Institute of Space Systems, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen, Germany
  42. 42 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, Italy
  43. 43 Dirct. of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
  44. 44 Dpto. Arquitectura de Computadores y Automática, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Prof. José García Santesmases s/n, Madrid, Spain
  45. 45 Dpto. de Inteligencia Artificial, UNED, c/Juan del Rosal 16, Madrid, Spain
  46. 46 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, SB MATHAA STAP, Station 8, Lausanne, Switzerland
  47. 47 EJR-Quartz BV for ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
  48. 48 Elecnor Deimos Space for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  49. 49 EQUERT International for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  50. 50 ETSE Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
  51. 51 EURIX S.r.l., Via Carcano 26, Torino, Italy
  52. 52 European Southern Observatory (ESO), Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla, Santiago de Chile, Chile
  53. 53 European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, Garching bei München, Germany
  54. 54 Centro Europeo de Astronomía Espacial
    info

    Centro Europeo de Astronomía Espacial

    Villanueva de la Cañada, España

  55. 55 F.R.S.-FNRS, rue d'Egmont 5, Brussels, Belgium
  56. 56 Faculdade Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Departamento Matematica Aplicada, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
  57. 57 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  58. 58 Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Geodeetinrinne 2, Masala, Finland
  59. 59 Fork Research, rua do Cruzado Osberno, Lt. 1, 9 esq., Lisboa, Portugal
  60. 60 Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez 7, Breña Baja, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
  61. 61 Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  62. 62 GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 Place, Jules Janssen Meudon, France
  63. 63 GMV for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  64. 64 Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, Hamburg, Germany
  65. 65 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, United States
  66. 66 HE Space Operations BV for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  67. 67 HE Space Operations BV for ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, Noordwijk, Netherlands
  68. 68 H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, United Kingdom
  69. 69 IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, Paris, France
  70. 70 INAF/IASF-Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
  71. 71 INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
  72. 72 INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, Firenze, Italy
  73. 73 INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy
  74. 74 INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
  75. 75 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, Via Ranzani 1, Bologna, Italy
  76. 76 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, Napoli, Italy
  77. 77 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
  78. 78 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
  79. 79 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Teramo, Via Mentore Maggini, Teramo, Italy
  80. 80 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
  81. 81 INSA for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  82. 82 Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, Belgium
  83. 83 Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, Liège, Belgium
  84. 84 Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris XI, UMR 8617, CNRS, Bâtiment 121, Orsay Cedex, France
  85. 85 Universitat de Barcelona
    info

    Universitat de Barcelona

    Barcelona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/021018s57

  86. 86 Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
  87. 87 Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  88. 88 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  89. 89 Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
  90. 90 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  91. 91 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências Do Espa Co, Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
  92. 92 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
  93. 93 InstitutoNacional de Pesquisas Espaciais/Ministério da Ciencia Tecnologia, Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José Dos Campos, Brazil
  94. 94 Institut UTINAM UMR 6213, CNRS, OSU THETA Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
  95. 95 Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, Belgium
  96. 96 Isdefe for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  97. 97 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, AD Groningen, Netherlands
  98. 98 Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambride, United Kingdom
  99. 99 Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Budapest, Hungary
  100. 100 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d'Astrophysique, CEA/DSM, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
  101. 101 Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
  102. 102 Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
  103. 103 Laboratoire Géoazur, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UMR 7329, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, 250 rue A. Einstein, Valbonne, France
  104. 104 Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, Nice Cedex, France
  105. 105 Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC72, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
  106. 106 Laboratory of Optics Lasers and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campus Do Lumiar, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, Lisboa, Portugal
  107. 107 Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Inc., 6740 Cortona Drive, Goleta, CA, United States
  108. 108 Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, Potsdam, Germany
  109. 109 Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, CA Leiden, Netherlands
  110. 110 Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, Dresden, Germany
  111. 111 Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, Lund, Sweden
  112. 112 Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, Germany
  113. 113 Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, OPINAS, Gießenbachstraße, Garching, Germany
  114. 114 Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, Göttingen, Germany
  115. 115 Mission Operations Division, Operations Department, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
  116. 116 Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, United Kingdom
  117. 117 NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 100-22, 770 South Wilson Avenue, Pasadena, CA, United States
  118. 118 National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing, China
  119. 119 National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli, Athens, Greece
  120. 120 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
  121. 121 Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7550, 11 rue de l'Université, Strasbourg, France
  122. 122 ON/MCTI-BR, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
  123. 123 OV/UFRJ-BR, Ladeira Pedro Antônio 43, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
  124. 124 Physics Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium
  125. 125 Praesepe BV for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  126. 126 RHEA for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  127. 127 RHEA for ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, Noordwijk, Netherlands
  128. 128 RHEA System for ESA/ESOC, Robert Bosch Straße 5, Darmstadt, Germany
  129. 129 Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, Brussels, Belgium
  130. 130 School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  131. 131 Scientific Support Office, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands
  132. 132 Serco Gestión de Negocios for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  133. 133 Server Labs for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, S/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  134. 134 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai, China
  135. 135 SISSA (Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati), Via Bonomea 265, Trieste, Italy
  136. 136 Slovak Organisation for Space Activities, Zamocka 18, Bratislava, Slovakia
  137. 137 Sorbonne Universités UPMC et CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France
  138. 138 Spanish Virtual Observatory, Madrid, Spain
  139. 139 SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, Utrecht, Netherlands
  140. 140 ST Corporation, PO Box 608, AP Delft, Netherlands
  141. 141 Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Building 1520, 120 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C, Denmark
  142. 142 STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, United Kingdom
  143. 143 Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  144. 144 SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
  145. 145 Tartu Observatory, Tõravere, Estonia
  146. 146 Technical University of Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain
  147. 147 Thales Services for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
  148. 148 UNINOVA-CTS, Campus FCT-UNL, Monte da Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
  149. 149 Universidad de la Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
  150. 150 Universidade da Coruña, Facultade DeInformática, Campus de Elviña S/N, A Coruña, Spain
  151. 151 Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Sezione Astrofisica, via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy
  152. 152 Universiteit Antwerpen, Onderzoeksgroep Toegepaste Wiskunde, Middelheimlaan 1, Antwerpen, Belgium
  153. 153 University of Applied Sciences Munich, Karlstr. 6, Munich, Germany
  154. 154 University of Cádiz, Avd. De la universidad, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain
  155. 155 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, PO Box 64, Helsinki, Finland
  156. 156 University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
  157. 157 Universidad de Oviedo
    info

    Universidad de Oviedo

    Oviedo, España

    ROR https://ror.org/006gksa02

  158. 158 University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences, Corso Svizzera 185, Torino, Italy
  159. 159 University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstraße 17, Vienna, Austria
  160. 160 US Naval Observatory, Astrometry Department, 3450 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC, United States
  161. 161 Villanova University, Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, 800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA, United States
  162. 162 Vitrociset Belgium for ESA/ESAC, Camino Bajo Del Castillo, Urbanizacion Villafranca Del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
  163. 163 Warsaw University Observatory, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, Warszawa, Poland
Zugehörigkeit anzeigen +
Zeitschrift:
Astronomy and astrophysics

ISSN: 0004-6361

Datum der Publikation: 2017

Ausgabe: 601

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201730552 SCOPUS: 2-s2.0-85018580814 WoS: WOS:000402313500019 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen Access editor

Andere Publikationen in: Astronomy and astrophysics

Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung

Context. The first Gaia Data Release contains the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS). This is a subset of about 2 million stars for which, besides the position and photometry, the proper motion and parallax are calculated using Hipparcos and Tycho-2 positions in 1991.25 as prior information. Aims. We investigate the scientific potential and limitations of the TGAS component by means of the astrometric data for open clusters. Methods. Mean cluster parallax and proper motion values are derived taking into account the error correlations within the astrometric solutions for individual stars, an estimate of the internal velocity dispersion in the cluster, and, where relevant, the effects of the depth of the cluster along the line of sight. Internal consistency of the TGAS data is assessed. Results. Values given for standard uncertainties are still inaccurate and may lead to unrealistic unit-weight standard deviations of least squares solutions for cluster parameters. Reconstructed mean cluster parallax and proper motion values are generally in very good agreement with earlier Hipparcos-based determination, although the Gaia mean parallax for the Pleiades is a significant exception. We have no current explanation for that discrepancy. Most clusters are observed to extend to nearly 15 pc from the cluster centre, and it will be up to future Gaia releases to establish whether those potential cluster-member stars are still dynamically bound to the clusters. Conclusions. The Gaia DR1 provides the means to examine open clusters far beyond their more easily visible cores, and can provide membership assessments based on proper motions and parallaxes. A combined HR diagram shows the same features as observed before using the Hipparcos data, with clearly increased luminosities for older A and F dwarfs. © 2017 ESO.

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