Instituciones del mercado de trabajo y crisis en la UE15

  1. Laura Pérez Ortiz 1
  2. Ana I. Viñas Apaolaza 2
  3. Julimar da Silva Bichara 1
  4. Mª Isabel Heredero 1
  1. 1 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01cby8j38

  2. 2 Universidad Europea de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Europea de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/04dp46240

Journal:
Revista del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social: Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social

ISSN: 2254-3295

Year of publication: 2019

Issue Title: Economía y Sociología

Issue: 141

Pages: 83-110

Type: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Revista del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social: Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social

Abstract

The impact of the crisis on the European labour markets has brought mixed results, as a consequence not only of the different evolution of the economic crisis but also of the different policy responses. Indeed, one area where most substantive changes were felt was the labour market institutions, which are fundamental for the proper working of the labour markets institutions. These transformations are shaping a new map of labour relations in the European Union, whose future consequences for labour markets are beginning to be assessed by different international organizations. The reform effort that has shaken Europe, under the guidelines of the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, seeks greater flexibility in labour relations and labour markets. However, this unique vision of deregulation and flexibilisation in European policy has a broader perspective in academic literature. There are works that reflect a direct relationship between the high regulation of labour institutions and the evolution of unemployment (such as, for example, Nickell and Layard, 1999 or the OECD, 1994), but also there are researches that highlights the mitigating role of labour market institutions on macroeconomic evolution (Visser, 2013). The aim of this paper is to contrast whether the transformations of labour market institutions have been similar or heterogeneous among 15 EU countries during the period of the Great Recession (2007-2015). To address the research, we selected four paradigmatic labour market institutions: employment protection, unemployment benefits, active labour market policies and collective bargaining. We make an analysis of the theoretical framework and a description of the main milestones that have occurred in the countries, from a normative and economic perspective. This synthesizes a first distribution of the direction of the transformations that occurred in the different European countries during the period-analysed (2007-2015). The methodology for carrying out the joint analysis of the transformations in labour institutions reinforces the previous analysis, of a descriptive nature, with the construction of a single synthetic index that groups and homogenises the way of measuring all institutions and comparing them simultaneously. In order to construct this synthetic indicator, we carry out a transformation of the original data, taking as a source of inspiration methodologies previously developed by other authors, such as Eichhorst et al. (2009). We obtained an indicator for each one of the four institutions analysed, for each one of the fifteen countries of the European Union considered, and for both the initial (2007) and final (2015, when availability of the data permits) period. The resulting indicator shows that the higher the value of the index (limited between 0 and 5), the greater the presence of the institution in the definition of labour relations in the country; whereas, on the contrary, the lower the indicator, the greater the presence of the market in labour relations. From these partial indicators, it is obtained a single global synthetic index for the set of labour institutions, which makes it possible to observe the changing trends of all the institutions studied in each country. The results of the index between 2007 and 2015 lend nuance to our preliminary conclusions in the descriptive analysis that signalled a deregulation of labour relations within the 15EU. We validated a drop in the index in ten of the fifteen countries analysed. It decreases significantly in Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Denmark; and it drops in Italy, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. On the other hand, its trajectory heads in the opposite direction by increasing in Finland, Belgium and the United Kingdom. The index remained unchanged in Austria and France. We devise a cluster analysis based on the synthetic indexes in order to compare how institutions have fared in two moments, 2007 and 2015, and thus determine if the Great Recession and the policies and reforms applied as a response have produced similar effects in the 15 European countries. Our main objective is to signal common behaviour within the 15EU, in each of the two years considered, the beginning and the end of the crisis, and to compare the groupings. This allows us to classify countries according to common characteristics vis-àvis their labour market institutions. From the cluster analysis, we detect the existence of four groups of countries, whose institutions have similar characteristics. Furthermore, the makeup of these groups and their characteristics changed between 2007 and 2015. This reveals important transformations both in the characteristics of the institutions in each grouping as well as which countries make up each group, thus mapping out new labour relations in the 15EU.

€ View funding

Funding information

El presente artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación de I+D+i “Instituciones del mercado de trabajo y crisis: tendencias y transformaciones”, financiado por el Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad 2013-2016 (nº CSO2013-47994-R)

Funders

Bibliographic References

  • Acemoglu, D. y Shimer, R. (2000): “Productivity gains from unemployment insurance”, European Economic Review, vol. 44 (7), pp. 1115-1125 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(00)00035-0)
  • Akerlof, G. y Yellen, J. (eds.) (1986): Efficiency wage models of the labor market, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Amable, B.; Demmou, L.; y Gatti, D. (2007): “Employment Performance and Institutions: New Answers to an Old Question”, IZA Discussion Papers nº 2731 (http://ftp.iza.org/dp2731.pdf).
  • Arranz, J. M.; García Serrano, C. y Hernanz, V. (2013): “Evaluación macroeconómica de las políticas activas del mercado de traba­jo en España: ¿mucho ruido y pocas nueces?”, Revista Internacional del Trabajo, vol. 132 (2), pp. 367-390.
  • Avdagic, S. y Salardi, P. (2013): “Tenous link: labour market institutions and unemployment in advanced and new market economies”, Socio-Economic Review, vol. 11 (4), pp. 739-769 (https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwt009).
  • Baccaro, L. y Rei, D. (2007): “Institutional Determinants of Unemployment in OECD Countries: Does the Deregulatory View Hold Water?”, International Organization, Vol. 61 (3), CUP, pp. 527-569 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818307070221).
  • Berglund, T. (2012): “Transformations of Swedish Labour Market Institutions. Effects on Employees’ Turnover Cognitions”, Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, nº 9, pp. 91–119 (https://doi.org/10.17345/rio9.91-120).
  • Bernaciak, M.; Gumbrell-McOrmick, R. y Hyman, R. (2014): European trade unionism: from crisis to renewal?, Report 133, ETUI (https://www.etui.org).
  • Bruno, M. y Sachs, J. (1985): Economics of Worldwide Stagflation, Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Calmfors, L. (1994): “Active Labour Market Policy and Unemployment - A Framework for the Analysis of Crucial Design Features”, OECD Economic Studies nº 22 (http://www.oecd.org/social/labour/33936463.pdf).
  • Calmfors, L. y Driffill, J. (1988): "Bargaining Structure, Corporation and Macroeconomic Performance", Economic Policy, vol. 3 (6), pp. 14-61 (https://doi.org/10.2307/1344503).
  • Checchi, D.; Lucifora, C. (2002): "Unions and labour market institutions in Europe", Economic Policy, vol. 17 (35), pp. 361-408 (https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00092).
  • Clauwaert, S. y Schömann, I. (2012): La crisis y las reformas de las legislaciones laborales nacionales. Un ejercicio de análisis, Documento de trabajo 2012.04, ETUI (https://www.etui.org).
  • Comisión europea (2010): Agenda de nuevas cualificaciones y empleos: una contribución europea hacia el pleno empleo, Comunicación de la Comisión Europea, COM(2010) 682 final.
  • Comisión europea (2011): “The Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal”, European Economy, Occasional Papers 79.
  • Comisión europea (2014): Proyecto de informe conjunto sobre el empleo de la Comisión y del Consejo que acompaña a la Comunicación de la Comisión relativa al Estudio Prospectivo Anual sobre el Crecimiento para 2015, Bruselas, 28.11.2014, COM (2014) 906 final.
  • Comisión europea (2015): Industrial Relations in Europe 2014, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Luxemburgo.
  • Comisión europea: Eurostat database (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat).
  • Comisión europea: LABREF database, DGEMPL (https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/labref/public/).
  • Diamond, P. (1981): “Mobility cost, frictional unemployment, and efficiency”, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 89 (4), pp. 798-812 (Recuperado en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833035).
  • Eichhorst, W.; Marx, P. y Tobsch, V. (2009): “Institutional Arrangements, Employment Performance and the Quality of Work”, IZA Document Papers nº 4595 (https://www.iza.org).
  • Elmeskov, J.; Martin, J. y Scarpetta, S. (1998): “Key lessons for labour market reforms: evidence from OECD countries’ experiences”, Swedish Economic Policy Review, vol. 2 (5), pp. 205-252.
  • Eurofound (2014), Impact of the crisis on industrial relations and working conditions in Europe, Eurofound, Dublín (https://www.eurofound.europa.eu).
  • Eurofound (2016): Developments in collective wage bargaining in the European Union 2015, Eurofound, Dublín (https://www.eurofound.europa.eu).
  • Freeman, R. B. (2008): “Labour Market Institutions around the World”, NBER Working Paper nº 13242 (https://doi.org/10.3386/w13242).
  • Gruber, J. (1997): “The consumption smoothing benefits of unemployment insuran­ce”, American Economic Review, vol. 87, pp. 195–205.
  • Hayter, S. (2015): “El futuro incierto de las relaciones laborales”, en Revista Internacional del Trabajo, vol. 134 (1), pp. 1-4 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564­9148.2015.00229.x).
  • Heredero, Mª I.; Ruesga, S. M. (directores); Cachón, E.; Pérez Ortiz, L.; Silva Bichara, J. Da y Viñas Apaolaza, A. I. (2019): Instituciones laborales en Europa. Cambios durante la Gran Recesión, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia.
  • Hyman, R. (2015): “Tres hipótesis sobre el futuro de las relaciones laborales en Europa”, Revista Internacional del Trabajo, vol. 134 (1), pp. 5–15 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-9148.2015.00230.x).
  • Ichino, A. y Riphahn, R. T. (2005): “The effect of employment protection on worker effort: absenteeism during and after probation”, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 3 (1), pp. 120-143 (https://doi.org/10.1162/1542476053295296).
  • Kluve, J. (2010): “The effectiveness of European active labor market programs”, Labour Economics, vol. 17 (6), pp. 904–918 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.02.004).
  • Lazear, E. P. (1990): “Job Security Provisions and Employment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 105 (3), pp. 699–726 (https://doi.org/10.2307/2937895).
  • Marginson, P. (2015):"The changing nature of collective employment relations", Employee Relations, Vol. 37 (6), pp. 645-657 (https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-03-2015-0049).
  • Marimon, R. y Zilibotti, F. (1999): “Unemployment vs mismatch of talents: Reconsidering unemployment benefits”, Economic Journal, vol. 109 (455), pp. 266-291 (https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00432).
  • Mortensen, D. y Pissarides, C. (1999): “New Developments in Models of Search in the Labor Market”, Ashenfelter, O. y Layard, R. (comp.): Handbook of Labour Economics, Volume 111, North Holland, pp. 2627–2657.
  • Nickell, S. y Layard, R. (1999): “Labor market institutions and economic performance”, Ashenfelter, O. y Card, D.: Handbook of Labour Economics, Volume 3C, North Holland, pp. 3029–3084.
  • OCDE (1994): Jobs Study, París, OCDE.
  • OCDE (2006): "Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions for Labour Market Performance: A Quantitative Analysis", OECD Employment Outlook 2006: Boosting Jobs and Incomes, París.
  • OCDE (2013): "Protecting jobs, enhancing flexibility: A new look at employment protection legislation", cap. 3, 2013 Employment Outlook (https://doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2013-en).
  • OCDE (2017): "Collective bargaining in a changing world of work", cap. 4, Employment Outlook 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2017-en).
  • OCDE (2018): "The role of collective bargaining systems for good labour market performance", cap. 3, Employment Outlook 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2018-en).
  • OCDE: Benefits and wages statistics, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (http://www.oecd.org/els/benefits-and-wages-statistics.htm).
  • OIT (2015): World Employment Social Outlook. The changing nature of jobs 2015, International Labour Office, Ginebra. OIT: ILOSTAT Database (http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases).
  • OIT: ILOSTAT Database (http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases).
  • Pérez Ortiz, L. (2004): La influencia de la negociación colectiva en los resultados macroeconómicos en la Unión Europea, Tesis doctoral, Fac. CC. Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (http://hdl.handle.net/10486/4086).
  • Ruesga, S. M. (Dir.); Lasierra, J. M.; Pérez Ortiz, L.; Pérez Trujillo, M. y Da Silva Bichara, J. (2014): Economía del trabajo y política laboral, 2ª edición, Editorial Pirámide, Madrid.
  • Ruesga, S. M.; Pérez Ortiz, L. y Da SiLva, J. (2003): “Política laboral y funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo en la Unión Europea”, Revista ABET, vol. 3 (2), pp. 133-162.
  • Ruesga, S.; Da Silva, J. y Pérez, M. (2015): “La Gran Recesión y sus efectos sobre la eficiencia del mercado laboral. Un estudio aplicado a nivel regional para determinar el mismatch agregado en España”, Estudios de Economía Aplicada, Vol. 33 (1), pp.175- 200.
  • Scarpetta, S. (1996): "Assessing the role of labour market policies and institutional settings on unemployment: a cross-country study", OECD Economic Studies, nº 26, 1996/1.
  • Schömann, I. (2014): “Labour law reforms in Europe: adjusting employment protection legislation for the worse?”, European Trade Union Institute ETUI, Working Paper 2014.02 (https://www.etui.org).
  • Schulten, T. y Müller, T. (2015): “European economic governance and its intervention in national wage development and collective bargaining”, Divisive integration. The triumph of failed ideas in Europe – revisited, ETUI, Bruselas (https://www.etui.org).
  • Siebert, H. (1997): “Labor Market Rigidities: At the Root of Unemployment in Europe”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 11 (3), pp. 37-54 (https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.3.37).
  • Stockhammer, E. y Klär, E. (2011): “Capital accumulation, labour market institutions and unemployment in the medium run”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 35 (2), pp. 437-457 (https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beq020).
  • TatsiramoS, K. (2009): “Geographic labour mobility and unemployment insurance in Europe”, Journal of Population Economics, vol. 22 (2), pp 267-283 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-008-0194-7).
  • TatsiramoS, K. y Van Ours, J. (2014): “Labor market effects of unemployment insurance design”, Journal of Economic Surveys, vol. 28 (2), pp. 284–311 (https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12005).
  • Traxler, F. y Kittel, B. (2000): "The bargaining system and performance. A comparison of 18 OECD countries", Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33(9), pp. 1154-1190 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414000033009003).
  • Viñas Apaolaza, A. I.; Pérez Ortiz, L.; Heredero De Pablos, M. I. y Ruesga, Santos M. (2016): "Factores determinantes de los cambios en las instituciones del mercado de trabajo en Europa", Revista de derecho de la Seguridad Social, nº 8, pp. 247-263 (Recuperado en: https://revista.laborum.es/index.php/revsegsoc/article/view/124).
  • Visser, J. (2016a): Data Base on Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts (ICTWSS), versión 5.0, September 2016 (http://uva-aias.net/en/ictwss).
  • Visser, J, (2016b): “What happened to collective bargaining during the Great Recession?, IZA Journal of Labour Policy, 5:9 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-016-0061-1).
  • Visser, J. (2013): “Wage Bargaining Institutions -from crisis to crisis”, Economic Papers 488, European Economy, European Commission.
  • Visser, J.; Hayter, S. y Gammarano, R. (2015): “Trends in collective bargaining coverage: stability, erosion or decline?”, Labour Relations and Collective Bargaining, Issue Brief nº 1, ILO.
  • Waddington, J. (2015): “Trade union membership retention in Europe: The challenge of difficult times”, European Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 21 (3), pp. 205-221 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680114538708).
Data source: Dialnet