Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para conocer las principales barreras y beneficios percibidos en el arbitraje femenino en el fútbol

  1. Segado Segado, Francisco
  2. Antonio Sánchez-Sáez, Juan
  3. Maciá Andreu, María José
  4. Sánchez-Sánchez, Javier
  5. Gallardo Guerrero, Ana María
Revista:
Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

ISSN: 1579-1726 1988-2041

Año de publicación: 2022

Número: 43

Páginas: 452-462

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación

Resumen

Las mujeres ha ido incorporándose poco a poco a la industria del fútbol durante los últimos años, no solo como deportista, sino también en otros estamentos de este sector como la dirección o el arbitraje. El objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y validar una herramienta de evaluación de las barreras percibidas en el arbitraje femenino, tanto durante la formación de las árbitras (de manera previa) como en su llegada al máximo nivel. Un total de 380 árbitras de ámbito nacional y territorial fueron consultadas a través de un cuestionario elaborado ad-hoc. Tras el análisis factorial confirmatorio de segundo orden, se establecieron 3 dimensiones: Percepción del Apoyo Institucional, Beneficios del Arbitraje y Percepción del Clima Social y Familiar. Tras el análisis de los resultados se puede concluir que se ha obtenido una herramienta válida y fiable para determinar las principales barreras asociadas al arbitraje femenino.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Alonso-Arbiol, I., Arratibel, N. & Gómez, E. (2008). La motivación del colectivo arbitral en fútbol: Un estudio cualitativo. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, (17)2, 187-203. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2351/235119254001.pdf.
  • Alvarado-Herrera, A., Bigné, E., Aldas-Manzano, J. & Curras-Pérez, R. (2015). A scale for measuring consumer perceptions of corporate social responsibility following the sustainable development paradigm. Journal of Business Ethics,(140)2, 243-262. Recuperado de https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10551-015-2654-9.pdf.
  • Amorose, A. (2007). Coaching effectiveness: Exploring the relationship between coaching behavior and self-determined motivation. En Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 209–227, 347–351). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Azurmendi, A. & Fontecha, M. (2015). Guía para prevenir el acoso y el abuso sexual a mujeres en el deporte: Pautas para elaborar un protocolo. Vitoria-Gasteiz, País Vasco: Emakunde.
  • Azurmendi, A. (2016). Obstáculos psicosociales para la participación de las mujeres en el deporte como entrenadoras y árbitras. Tesis doctoral. Universidad del País Vasco. Recuperado de https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/26195/TESIS_AZURMENDI_ECHEGARAY_AINHOA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Balanza, S., Morales, I., Guerrero, J. & Conesa, A. (2008). Fiabilidad y validez de un cuestionario para medir en estudiantes universitarios la asociación de la ansiedad y depresión con factores académicos y psicosociofamiliares durante el curso 2004-2005. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 82, 189-200. Recuperado de https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/resp/2008.v82n2/189-200.
  • Brake, D. (2010). Getting in the game: Title IX and the women's sports revolution. New York, NY: New York University.
  • Calabuig, F., Mundina, J. & Crespo, J. (2010). Eventqual: una medida de la calidad percibida por los espectadores de eventos deportivos. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias en la Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 18, 66-70. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3457/345732284013.pdf.
  • Caudwell, J. (2011). Gender, feminism and football studies. Soccer & Society, (12)3, 330-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.568099.
  • Christensen, K., Guttmann, A. & Pfister, G. (2001). International encyclopaedia of women and sports. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Cleland, J., Pope, S. & Williams, J. (2020). I do worry that football will become over-feminized: Ambiguities in fan reflections on the gender order in men’s professional football in the United Kingdom. Sociology of Sport Journal, (37)4, 366-375. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0060.
  • Cuskelly, G. & Hoye, R. (2013). Sport officials’ intention to continue. Sport Management Review, (16)4, 451-464. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.003.
  • Demers, G. & Audet M. H. (2007). What we know about the experience of women beginner coaches. Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching, (8)1, 1-8.
  • Flanagan, M.K. (2013). Managing coed soccer: Gender, power, and participation. Tesis doctoral. Florida State University. Recuperado de https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu%3A183716/.
  • Gagné, M. & Deci, E. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, (26)4, 331–362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322.
  • Gagné, M., Forest, J., Gilbert, M-H. Aubé, C; Morin, E. & Malorni, Á. (2010). The motivation at work scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and Psychological Measurement, (70)4, 628–646. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164409355698.
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. & Tatham, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hong, E., Jeong, Y. & Downward, P. (2019). Perceived organizational support, internal motivation, and work–family conflict among soccer referees. Managing Sport and Leisure, (24)1-3, 141-154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1593049.
  • https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408787186431.
  • Jones, C. & Edwards, L.L. (2013). The woman in black: Exposing sexist beliefs about female officials in elite men’s football. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, (7)2, 202-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2013.777771.
  • Jones, K. (2008). Female fandom: Identity, sexism and men’s professional football in England. Sociology of Sport Journal, (25)4, 516-537. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.4.516.
  • Kellett, P. & Shilbury, D. (2007). Umpire participation: is abuse really the issue? Sport Management Review, (10)3, 209–229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70012-8.
  • Kellett, P. & Warner, S. (2011). Creating communities that lead to retention: The social worlds and communities of umpires. European Sport Management Quarterly, (11)5, 471–494. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2011.624109.
  • Kerr, G. & Marshall, D. (2007). Shifting the culture: implications for female coaches. Canadian Journal for Women in Coaching, (7)4, 1-4.
  • Kerr, G. (2009). Female coaches’ experience of harassment and bullying. En taking the lead, strategies and solutions from female coaches. (pp. 57-72) .Canada: The Univertity of Alberta press.
  • Kim, M.C. & Hong, E. (2016). A red card for women: Female officials ostracized in South Korean football. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, (22)2, 114-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2016.1168156.
  • Kim, S. (2017). Perceived organizational support as a mediator between distributive justice and sports referees’ job satisfaction and career commitment. Annals of leisure research, (20)2, 169-187. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1147363.
  • Kim, W., Jun, H.M., Walker, M. & Drane, D. (2015). Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: scale development and validation. Tourism management, 48, 21–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.015.
  • lac.gc.ca/.item?id=NR67694&op=pdf&app=Library&oclc_number=796917556
  • Lavoi, N. & Dutove, J. (2012). Barriers and supports for female coaches: an ecological model. Sports Coaching Review, (1)1, 17-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2012.695891.
  • Logan, G. (2012). Some of what we discovered was shocking. it is discrimination. Recuperado el 24 de marzo de 2020, de: http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/17598719.
  • Lorde, T., Greenidge, D. & Devonish, D. (2011). Local residents’ perceptions of the impacts of the icc cricket world cup 2007 on barbados: comparisons of pre- and post-games. Tourism management, (32)2, 349-356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.004.
  • Ma, S.C., Ma, S.M., Wu, J.H. & Rotherham, I. (2013). Host residents' perception changes on major sport events. European sport management quarterly, (13)5, 511-536. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.838980.
  • Mata, P. (2010). Árbitra no me ha llamado nadie: La situación de la mujer en el arbitraje de fútbol de Cantabria. Tesis de máster. Universidad de Cantabria. 2010.
  • Mccharles, B. (2010). Life stories of women in coaching. Tesis doctoral. University of Toronto. Recuperado de https://central.bac-
  • Mcginnis, L., Mcquillan, J. & Chapple, C. (2005). I just want to play: Women, sexism and persistence in golf. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, (29)3, 313-37.doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723504272659.
  • Mean, L. (2011). Identity and discursive practice: Doing gender on the football pitch. Discourse & Society, (12)6, 789-815. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926501012006004.
  • Mitchell, J., Gagné, M., Beaudry, A. & Dyer, L. (2012). The role of perceived organizational support, distributive justice and motivation in reactions to new information technology. Computers in Human Behavior, (28)2, 729-738. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.021.
  • Muller, J. (2014). Local Relations and Transnational Imaginaries: Football Practices of Migrant men and Women From Andean Countries in Spain. Soccer & Society, (15)4, 596-617. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828601.
  • Nordstrom, H., Warner, S. & Barner, J. (2016). Behing the Stripes: Female football officials experiences. Intertational Journal of Sport management and Marketing, 16, 259-279.
  • Norman, L. (2008). The UK coaching system is failing women coaches. International Journal of Sports Sciences & Coaching, (3)4, 447-464. doi:
  • Norman, L. (2010). Feeling second best: Elite women coaches’ experiences. Sociology of Sport Journal, 27, 89-104.
  • Nunally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Parra, D., Elarsi, A., Triadó, X. & Aparicio, P. (2016). Análisis de la relación entre los beneficios y los costes percibidos y la satisfacción del residente con la celebración de un evento deportivo: efecto mediador del valor percibido. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, (25)3, 59-63. Recuperado de https://revistes.uab.cat/rpd/article/view/v25-n3-parra-camacho-elasri-etal.
  • Parra, D., González, R., Año, V. & Ayora, D. (2016). Percepción de los visitantes sobre el impacto social y sus intenciones con respecto a la celebración de un evento deportivo de pequeña escala. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, (25)3, 93-96. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2351/235146293022.pdf.
  • Pérez-Muñoz, S., Castaño, R., Sánchez-Muñoz, A., Rodríguez, A., De Mena, J.M., Fuentes, J.M y Castaño, C. (2018). ¿Por qué juego al fútbol si soy una mujer?: Motivaciones para jugar al fútbol. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias en la Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 34, 183-188. doi: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.58572
  • Perreau-Niel, A. & Erard, C. (2010). French football referees: An exploratory study of the conditions of access and employment for referees in terms of level and gender. Soccer & Society, (16)1, 1-16 .doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2012.627168.
  • Phillips, P. & Fairley, S. (2014). Umpiring: a serious leisure choice. Journal of Leisure Research, (46)2, 84-202 .doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950319.
  • Pope, S. (2013). The love of my life. The meaning and importance of sport for female fans. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, (37)2, 175-195. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723512455919.
  • Reade, I., Rodgers, W. & Norman, L. (2009). The under-representation of women in coaching: A comparison of male and female Canadian coaches at low and high levels of coaching. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, (4)4, 505-520. doi: https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409790291439.
  • Reid, K. & Dallaire, C. (2019). Because there Are So Few of Us: The Marginalization of Female Soccer Referees in Ontario, Canada. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, (27)1, 12-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2017-0031.
  • Reid, K. & Dallaire, C. (2020). I’d like to think I’m a good referee: Discourses of ability and the subjectivity of the female soccer referee in Ontario (Canada). Soccer & Society, (21)7, 762-777. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1742705.
  • Ridinger, L., Warner, S., Tingle, J. & Kim, K. (2017). Why referees stay in the game. Global Sport Business Journal, (5)3, 22–37. Recuperado de https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=busadmin_faculty.
  • Sánchez-Pato, A., Calderón, A., Arias-Estero, J.L., García-Roca, J.A., Bada, J., Meroño, L.,… Sedgwick, M. (2016). Diseño y validación del cuestionario de percepción de los estudiantes universitarios-deportistas de alto nivel sobre la carrera dual (ESTPORT). Revista Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, (11)32, 127-147. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1630/163046240006.pdf.
  • Scraton, S., Caudwell, J. & Holland, S. (2005). Bend it like Patel: Centering ‘race’, ethnicity and gender in feminist analysis of women’s football in England. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, (40)1, 71-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690205052169.
  • Seibert, S., Wang, G. & Courtright, S. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, (96)5, 981-1003. Recuperado de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2011-06121-001.
  • Souchon, N., Cabagno, G., Traclet, A., Dosseville, F., Llivingstone, A., Jones, M. & Maio, G. (2010). Referees’ decision-making and player gender: The moderating role of the type of situation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, (22)1, 1-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903250476.
  • Theberge, N. (1990). Gender, work, and power: the case of women in coaching. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 15, 59-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3341173.
  • Thomas, J. & Nelson, J. (2007). Métodos de investigación en actividad física. Les Guixeres, Cataluña: Editorial Paidotribo.
  • Tingle, J., Warner, S. & Sartore-Baldwin, M. (2014). The experience of Former Women Officials and the Impact on the Sporting Community. Sex Roles, 71, 7-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0366-8.
  • Tremblay, M., Blanchard, C., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work extrinsic and intrinsic motivation scale: Its value for organizational research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, (41)4, 213-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015167.
  • Valenti, M., Scelles, N. & Morrow, S. (2018). Women’s football studies: An integrative review. Sport, Business and Management, (8)5, 511-528. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-09-2017-0048.
  • Vallerand, R. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Advances in experimental social psychology, 29, 271-360. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60019-2.
  • Warner, S. & Dixon, M. (2011). Understanding sense of community from the athlete’s perspective. Journal of Sport Management, (259)3, 257-271.doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.3.257.
  • Warner, S., Tingle, J. & Kellett, P. (2013). Officiating attrition: The experiences of former referees via a sport development lens. Journal of Sport Management, (27)4, 316–328. doi; https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.316.
  • Wiersma, L. (2011). Conceptualization and development of the sources of enjoyment in youth sport questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, (5)3, 153-177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0503_3.
  • Wu, C.C. & Liu, N.T. (2014). Perceived organizational support, organizational commitment and service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors. International Journal of Business and Information, (9)1, 61-88. Recuperado de https://search.proquest.com/openview/47988dfaa1a69ae19900746fd2609648/1?cbl=236248&pq-origsite=gscholar.
  • Zubillaga Olague, M., & Cañadas, L. (2021). Diseño y validación del cuestionario “#EvalEF” para conocer el proceso de evaluación desarrollado por los docentes de educación física. Retos, 42, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.86627