Una revisión sistemática sobre la prevalencia del duelo complicado en víctimas adultas del terrorismo
- Jesús Sanz 1
- Beatriz Cobos 1
- Rocío Fausor 1
- Sara Liébana 1
- José Manuel Sánchez-Marqueses 1
- Adela Jiménez 1
- Ana Sanz-García 1
- María Paz García-Vera 1
-
1
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
info
ISSN: 1576-9941
Argitalpen urtea: 2020
Alea: 20
Zenbakia: 1
Orrialdeak: 137-173
Mota: Artikulua
Beste argitalpen batzuk: Psicopatología Clínica Legal y Forense
Laburpena
The main objective of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature on the prevalence of complicated grief in adult victims of terrorist attacks. A search in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PTSDpubs, and ProQuest Psychology Database identified five studies in which, altogether, 1,404 family members and close friends of those killed in terrorist attacks had been evaluated. The results obtained allow one to estimate that the average prevalence rate of complicated grief in victims of terrorist attacks is 42% several years after the attack and that this disorder presents a high comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder in victims of terrorism. These results are discussed in the context of research on the prevalence of complicated grief in different types of population and on the general psychopathological consequences of terrorism and its implications for professional practice in the clinical, legal, and forensic fields.
Erreferentzia bibliografikoak
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, quinta edición. DSM-5. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana. (Orig. 2013).
- Archer, J. (1999). The nature of grief: the evolution and psychology of reactions to loss. Londres: Routledge.
- Barrett, T. W. y Scott, T. B. (1989). Development of the grief experience questionnaire. Suicide and LifeThreatening Behavior, 19(2), 201-215.
- Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B. e Insel, B. (2007). Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(2), 342-351.
- Bowlby, J. (1997). El apego y la pérdida. Vol. 3. La pérdida afectiva: tristeza y depresión. Barcelona: Paidós. (Orig. 1980).
- Brown, J. T. y Stoudemire, G. A. (1983). Normal and pathological grief. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250, 378-382.
- Burnett, P., Middleton, W., Raphael, B. y Martinek, N. (1997). Measuring core bereavement phenomena. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 49-57.
- Byrne, G. J. A. y Raphael, B. (1994). A longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in recently widowed elderly men. Psychological Medicine, 24(2), 411-421.
- Cardoso, D., Ferreira, L., Rocha, J., Leite, M. y Almeida, V. (2017). Long-term effects of the entre-os-rios tragedy on grief and traumatic stress symptoms. Death Studies, 41(4), 256-260.
- Castro, S. I. y Rocha, J. C. (2013). The moderating effects of previous losses and emotional clarity on bereavement outcome. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18(3), 248-259.
- Cozza, S. J., Fisher, J. E., Fetchet, M. A., Chen, S., Zhou, J., Fullerton, C. S. y Ursano, R. J. (2019). Patterns of comorbidity among bereaved family members 14 years after the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 526-535.
- De Montgolfier, L. (2013). Deuil et médecine générale: enquête auprès de 244 endeuillés adultes [Grief and general practice: a study of 244 adult bereaved people]. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 171(3), 189-192.
- Deutsch, H. (1937). Absence of grief. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 6, 12-22.
- DiMaggio, C., Galea, S. y Li, G. (2009). Substance use and misuse in the aftermath of terrorism. A Bayesian metaanalysis. Addiction, 104(6), 894-904.
- Donahue, S. A., Jackson, C. T., Shear, K. M., Felton, C. J. y Essock, S. M. (2006). Outcomes of enhanced counseling services provided to adults through Project Liberty. Psychiatric Services, 57(9), 1298-1303.
- Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A. y Kristensen, P. (2015). Traumatic bereavement and terror: the psychosocial impact on parents and siblings 1.5 years after the July 2011 terror killings in Norway. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(6), 556-576.
- Faschingbauer, T. R. (1981). Texas Revised Inventory of Grief manual. Houston, TX: Honeycomb.
- Faschingbauer, T. R., Devaul, R. D. y Zisook, S. (1977). Development of the Texas Inventory of Grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 696-698.
- García-Vera, M. P. y Sanz, J. (2010). Trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad tras atentados terroristas. Una revisión de la literatura empírica. Psicopatología Clínica Legal y Forense, 10, 129-148.
- García-Vera, M. P. y Sanz, J. (2016). Tratamiento de los trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. De la investigación a la consulta. Madrid: Pirámide.
- García-Vera, M. P., Sanz, J. y Gutiérrez, S. (2016). A systematic review of the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of terrorist attacks. Psychological Reports, 119, 328-359.
- Ghaffari-Nejad, A., Ahmadi-Mousavi, M., Gandomkar, M. y Reihani-Kermani, H. (2007). The prevalence of complicated grief among bam earthquake survivors in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 10(4), 525- 528.
- Gutiérrez Camacho, S. (2016). Prevalencia de trastornos psicológicos en población española víctima de atentados terroristas (Tesis doctoral, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid). Recuperado de http://eprints.ucm.es/38866/1/T37663.pdf
- Hogan, N. S. y Greenfield, D. B. (1991). Adolescent sibling bereavement symptomatology in a large community sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6(1), 97-112.
- Hogan, N. S., Greenfield, D. B. y Schmidt, L. A. (2001). Development and validation of the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist. Death Studies, 25, 1-32.
- Huh, H. J., Huh, S., Lee, S. H. y Chae, J. (2017). Unresolved bereavement and other mental health problems in parents of the sewol ferry accident after 18 months. Psychiatry Investigation, 14(3), 231-239.
- Jacobs, S. y Douglas, L. (1979). Grief: a mediating process between a loss and illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 20, 165-175.
- Jacobs, S. C., Kasl, S. V., Ostfeld, A., Berkman, L. y Charpentier, P. (1986a). The measurement of grief: Age and sex variation. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59(4), 305-310.
- Jacobs, S. C., Kasl, S. V., Ostfeld, A. M., Berkman, L., Kosten, T. R. y Charpentier, P. (1986b). The measurement of grief: bereaved versus non-bereaved. Hospice Journal, 2(4), 21-36.
- Jacobs, S., Mazure, C. y Prigerson, H. (2000). Diagnostic criteria for traumatic grief. Death Studies, 24(3), 185- 199.
- Jordan, J. R., Baker, J., Matteis, M., Rosenthal, S. y Ware, E. S. (2005). The Grief Evaluation Measure (GEM): an initial validation study. Death Studies, 29(4), 301-332.
- Kentish-Barnes, N., Chaize, M., Seegers, V., Legriel, S., Cariou, A., Jaber, S., (...) Azoulay, É. (2015). Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. The European Respiratory Journal, 45(5), 1341-1352.
- Kentish-Barnes, N., Chevret, S., Champigneulle, B., Thirion, M., Souppart, V., Gilbert, M., (...) Famirea, S. G. (2017). Effect of a condolence letter on grief symptoms among relatives of patients who died in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Medicine, 43(4), 473-484.
- Kentish-Barnes, N., Chevret, S., Cheisson, G., Joseph, L., Martin-Lefèvre, L., Si Larbi, A. G., (...) Azoulay, E. (2018). Grief symptoms in relatives who experienced organ donation request in the ICU. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. doi:10.1164/rccm.201709-1899OC
- Kim, Y., Carver, C. S., Spiegel, D., Mitchell, H. H.R. y Cannady, R. S. (2017). Role of family caregivers’ self‐ perceived preparedness for the death of the cancer patient in longterm adjustment to bereavement. Psychooncology, 6, 484-492.
- Kristensen, P., Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A. y Heir, T. (2016). Media exposure and prolonged grief: a study of bereaved parents and siblings after the 2011 Utøya Island terror attack. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(6), 661-667.
- Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L. y Heir, T. (2009). Psychiatric disorders among disaster bereaved: an interview study of individuals directly or not directly exposed to the 2004 tsunami. Depression and Anxiety, 26(12), 1127- 1133.
- Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L. y Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: a review. Psychiatry, 75(1), 76-97.
- Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., Hussain, A. y Heir, T. (2015). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment after loss of a family member: a longitudinal study after the 2004 tsunami. Depression and Anxiety, 32(1), 49-56.
- Li, J., Chow, A. Y. M., Shi, Z. y Chan, C. L. W. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 218-223.
- Li, J. y Prigerson, H. G. (2016). Assessment and associated features of prolonged grief disorder among Chinese bereaved individuals. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 66, 9-16.
- Lieberman, P. B. y Jacobs, S. (1987). Bereavement and its complications in medical patients: A guide for consultation liaison psychiatrists. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 17, 23-29.
- Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141-148.
- Lobb, E. A., Kristjanson, L. J., Aoun, S. M., Monterosso, L., Halkett, G. K. B. y Davies, A. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief: a systematic review of empirical studies. Death Studies, 34(8), 673-698.
- Lundorff, M., Holmgren, H., Zachariae, R., Farver-Vestergaard, I. y O’Connor, M. (2017). Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 138-149.
- Marwitt, S. J. y Meuser, T. M. (2002). Development and initial validation of an inventory to assess grief in caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The Gerontologist, 42(6), 751-765.
- Masferrer, L., Garre-Olmo, J. y Caparrós, B. (2017). Is complicated grief a risk factor for substance use? A comparison of substance-users and normative grievers. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(5), 361-367.
- Merriam-Webster. (2018). Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Recuperado de https://www.merriam-webster.com
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G. y PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
- Nakajima, S., Ito, M., Shirai, A. y Konishi, T. (2012). Complicated grief in those bereaved by violent death: the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on complicated grief. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(2), 210-214.
- Neimeyer, R. A., Hogan, N. S. y Laurie, A. (2008). The measurement of grief: Psychometric considerations in the assessment of reactions to bereavement. En M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut y W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention (pp. 133-161). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Neria, Y., Gross, R., Litz, B., Maguen, S., Insel, B., Seirmarco, G., Rosenfeld, H., Suh. E. J., Kishon, R., Cook, J. y Marshall, R. D. (2007). Prevalence and psychological correlates of complicated grief among bereaved adults 2.5-3.5 years after September 11th attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 251-262.
- Newson, R. S., Boelen, P. A., Hek, K., Hofman, A. y Tiemeier, H. (2011). The prevalence and characteristics of complicated grief in older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 231-238.
- Pasnau, R. O., Fawney, F. I. y Fawney, N. (1987). Role of the physician in bereavement. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10, 109-120.
- Prigerson, H. G., Frank, E., Kasl, S. V. Reynolds, C. F., III, Anderson, B., Zubenko, G. S., Houck, P. R., George, C. J. y Kupfer, D. J. (1995b). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 22-30.
- Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., (…) Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000121. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
- Prigerson, H., Kasl, S. y Jacobs, S. (2001). Appendix A. Inventory of Traumatic Grief (ITG). En M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe y H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 638-645). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J. y Millar, M. (1995a). Inventory of Complicated Grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59(1-2), 65-79.
- Prigerson, H. G., Shear, M. K., Newsom, J. T., Frank, E., Reynolds III, C. F., Maciejewski, P. K., Houck, P. R., Bierhals, A. J. y Kupfer, D. J. (1996). Anxiety among widowed elders: Is it distinct from depression and grief? Anxiety, 2, 1-12.
- Prigerson, H. G., Vanderwerker, L. C. y Maciejewski, P. K. (2008). A case for inclusion of prolonged grief disorder in DSM-V. En M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut y W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention (pp. 165-186). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Raphael, B., Middleton, W., Martinek, N. y Misso, V. (1993). Counseling and therapy of the bereaved. En M. Stroebe, W. Stroebe y R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: theory, research, and intervention (pp. 427-453). Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
- Real Academia Española (2017). Diccionario de la lengua española, versión electrónica 23.1. Recuperado de http://dle.rae.es
- Reeves, N. C. y Boersma, F. J. (1990). The therapeutic use of ritual in maladaptive grieving. Omega, 20, 281-291.
- Remondet, J. H. y Hansson, R. O. (1987). Assessing a widow’s grief: a short index. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13(4), 30-34.
- Rosenblatt, P. C. (2008). Grief across cultures: a review and research agenda. En M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut y W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention (pp. 207-222). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Rynearson, E. K. (1987). Psychotherapy of pathologic grief: revisions and limitations. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10, 487-500.
- Salguero, J. M., Fernández-Berrocal, P., Iruarrizaga, I., Cano-Vindel, A. y Galea, S. (2011). Major depressive disorder following terrorist attacks: a systematic review of prevalence, course and correlates. BMC Psychiatry, 11(96). doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-96
- Sanders, C. (1989). Grief: the mourning after dealing with adult bereavement. Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons. Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P.A., y Strong, P. N., Jr. (1985). A manual for the Grief Experience Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Sanz, J., y García-Vera, M. P. (2020). Mental health consequences of terrorist attacks in adults. En P. Graf y D. J. A. Dozois (Eds.), Handbook on the state of the art in applied psychology. Nueva York: Wiley.
- Seirmarco, G., Neria, Y., Insel, B., Kiper, D., Doruk, A., Gross, R. y Litz, B. (2012). Religiosity and mental health: changes in religious beliefs, complicated grief, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(1), 10-18.
- Shear, K. M., Jackson, C. T., Essock, S. M., Donahue, S. A. y Felton, C. J. (2006). Screening for complicated grief among project liberty service recipients 18 months after September 11, 2001. Psychiatric Services, 57(9), 1291-1297.
- Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N. (…) Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(2), 103-117.
- Singh, B. y Raphael, B. (1981). Postdisaster morbidity of the bereaved: a possible role for preventive psychiatry? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169(4), 203-212.
- Sireling, L., Cohen, D. y Marks, I. (1988). Guided mourning for morbid grief: a replication. Behavior Therapy, 29, 121-132.
- Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Schut, H. y Stroebe, W. (2008). Bereavement research: contemporary perspectives. En M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut y W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: advances in theory and intervention (pp. 3-25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Stroebe, M., van Son, M., Stroebe, W., Kleber, R., Schut, H. y van den Bout, J. (2000). On the classification and diagnosis of pathological grief. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(1), 57-75.
- Theut, S. K., Pedersen, F. A., Zaslow, M. J., Cain, R. L., Rabinovich, B. A. y Morihisa, J. M. (1989). Perinatal loss and parental bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(5), 635-639.
- Theut, S. K., Jordan, L., Ross, L. A. y Deutsch, S. I. (1991). Caregiver's anticipatory grief in dementia: a pilot study. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 33(2), 113-118.
- Toedter, L. J., Lasker, J. N. y Alhadeff, J. M. (1988). The Perinatal Grief Scale: development and initial validation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58(3), 435-449.
- Tomita, T. y Kitamura, T. (2002). Clinical and research measures of grief: a reconsideration. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(2), 95-102.
- Tsutsui, T., Hasegawa, Y., Hiraga, M., Ishiki, M. y Asukai, N. (2014). Distinctiveness of prolonged grief disorder symptoms among survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Psychiatry Research, 217(1-2), 67-71.
- Vargas, L. A., Loya, F. y Hodde-Vargas, J. (1989). Exploring the multidimensional aspects of grief reactions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(11), 1484-1488.
- Wahl, C. W. (1970).The differential diagnosis of normal and neurotic grief following bereavement. Archives of
- the Foundation of Thanatology, 1, 137-141. World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11 beta draft (mortality and morbidity statistics). 6B42 Prolonged grief disorder. Recuperado de https://icd.who.int/dev11/l-m/en
- Zisook, S. y Devaul, R. A. (1985). Unresolved grief. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 45, 370-379.
- Zisook, S., Devaul, R. A. y Click, M. A. (1982). Measuring symptoms of grief and bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(12), 1590-1593.