Cáncer de esófago

Referencias bibliográficas

• Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 2011;61(2):69-90.
• Rice TW, Rusch VW, Apperson-Hansen C, Allen MS, Chen LQ, Hunter JG. Worldwide esophageal cancer collaboration. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22(1):1-8.
• Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, Fritz A, Balch CM, Haller DG. American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. p. 91.
• Peyre CG, Hagen JA, DeMeester SR, Van Lanschot JJ, Hölscher A, Law S. Predicting systemic disease in patients with esophageal cancer after esophagectomy: a multinational study on the significance of the number of involved lymph nodes. Ann Surg. 2008;248(6):979.
• Siewert JR. Carcinoma of the cardia: carcinoma of the esophageal junction classification, pathology and extent of resection. Dis Esophagus. 1996;9:173-82.
• Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7ª ed. New York, NY Springer; 2010.
• Pandeya N, Williams G, Green AC, Webb PM, Whiteman DC; Australian Cancer Study. Alcohol consumption and the risks of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(4):1215-24.
• Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Caporaso NE, Fraumeni JF Jr, Murphy G, Hartge P. Impact of changing US cigarette smoking patterns on incident cancer: risks of 20 smoking related cancers among the women and men of the NIH-AARP cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(3):846-56.
• Hori H, Kawano T, Endo M, Yuasa Y. Genetic polymorphisms of tobacco- and alcohol-related metabolizing enzymes and human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997;25(4):568-75.
• Keszei AP, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in The Netherlands Cohort Study. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(9): 2319-26.
• Liu J, Wang J, Leng Y, Lv C. Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(2):473-85.
• Islami F, Boffetta P, Ren JS, Pedoeim L, Khatib D, Kamangar F. High temperature beverages and foods and esophageal cancer risk--a systematic review. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(3):491-524.
• Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V. Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate and very hot beverages. The Lancet Oncology. 2015;17(7):877-8.
• Chang F, Syrjänen S, Wang L, Syrjänen K. Infectious agents in the etiology of esophageal cancer. Gastroenterology. 1992;103(4):1336-48.
• Hvid-Jensen F, Pedersen L, Drewes AM, Sørensen HT, Funch-Jensen P. Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(15):1375-83.
• Morales CP, Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Hallmarks of cancer progression in Barrett's oesophagus. Lancet. 2002;360(9345):1587-9.
• Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, Nyrén O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):825-31.
• Kerszei AP, Goldbohm RA, Schouten LJ, Jakszyn P, van den Brandt PA. Dietary N-nitroso compounds, endogenous nistrosation, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(1):135-46.
• Cook MB, Kamangar F, Whiteman DC, Freedman ND, Gammon MD, Bernstein L. Cigarette smoking and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: a pooled analysis from the international BEACON consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(17):1344-53.
• Thrift AP, Shaheen NJ, Gammon MD, Bernstein L, Reid BJ, Onstad L. Obesity and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus: a Mendelian randomization study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(11).
• Newton M, Bryan R, Burnham WR, Kamm MA. Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori in reflux oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 1997;40(1): 9-13.
• Oncología Clínica, neoplasias malignas específicas, Martin D. Abeloff et al. Barcelona: Elsevier; 2005; p. 1787-818.
• Acosta MM, Boyce HW Jr. Chromoendoscopy--where is it useful? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;27(1):13-20.
• Lieberman MD, Shriver CD, Bleckner S, Burt M. Carcinoma of the esophagus. Prognostic significance of histologic type. J Thorac Cardio-vasc Surg. 1995;109(1):130-8; discussion 139.
• Kobayashi S, Kasugai T. Brushing cytology for the diagnosis of gastric cancer involving the cardia of the lower esophagus. Acta Cytol. 1978:22:155.
• Winawer SJ, Sherlock Belladonna JA, Melamed N, Beattie EJ Jr. Endoscopic brush cytology in esophageal cancer. JAMA. 1975;232:1358.
• Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, Antillon D, Ibdah JA, Antillon MR. Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(10): 1479-90.
• Heintz A, Mildenberger P, George M, Braunstein S, Junginger T. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of regional lymph nodes in esophageal and gastric cancer: results of studies in Vitro. Endoscopy. 1993;25:231.
• Meltzer CC, Luketich JD, Friedman D, Charron M, Strollo D, Meehan M. Whole body FDG positron emission tomographic imaging for staging esophageal cancer comparison with computed tomography. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25(11):882-7.
• Van Vliet EP, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Hunink MG, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD. Staging investigations for oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2008; 98(3):547-57.
• Bryan RT, Cruickshank NR, Needham SJ, Moffitt DD, Young JA, Hallissey MT. Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in staging gastric and oesophageal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;27(3):291-7.
• Wang J, Wu N, Zheng QF, Yan S, Lv C, Li SL. Evaluation of the 7th edition of the TNM classification in patients with resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(48): 18397-403.
• Zhang H, Shang X, Chen C, Gao Y, Xiao X, Tang P. Lymph node ratio based staging system as an alternative to the current TNM staging system to assess outcome in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction after surgical resection. Oncotarget. 2016. doi: 10.18632/onco-target.11188.
• Li SH, Wang Z, Liu XY, Liu FY, Sun ZY, Xue H. Lymph node micrometastasis: a predictor of early tumor relapse after complete resection of histologically nodenegative esophageal cancer. Surg Today. 2007;37(12):1047-52.
• Chen SB, Su XD, Ma GW, Lin P, Wen J, Wang FX. Prognostic value of bone marrow micrometastasis in patients with operable esophageals-quamous cell carcinoma: a long-term followup study. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(8):1207-13.
• Brücher BL, Stein HJ, Werner M, Siewert JR. Lymphatic vessel invasion is an independent prognostic factor in patients with a primary resected tumor with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;92(8):2228-33.
• Ito E, Ozawa S, Kijima H, Kazuno A, Nishi T, Chino O. New invasive patterns as a prognostic factor for superficial esophageal cancer. Gastroenterol. 2012;47(12):1279-89.
• Sarbia M, Bittinger F, Porschen R, Dutkowski P, Torzewski M, Willers R. The prognostic significance of tumour cell proliferation in squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus. Br J Cancer. 1996;74(7):1012-6.
• Chen M, Huang J, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Li K. Systemic review and meta-analysis of tumor biomarkers in predicting prognosis in esophageal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:539.
• Findlay JM, Middleton MR, Tomlinson I. A systematic review and meta-analysis of somatic and germline DNA sequence biomarkers of esophageal cancer survival, therapy response and stage. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(4):624-44.
• Barbour AP, Rizk NP, Gonen M, Tang L, Bains MS, Rusch VW. Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction: influence of esophageal resection margin and operative approach on outcome. Ann Surg. 2007;246(1):1-8.
• Sarbia M, Ott N, Pühringer-Oppermann F, Brücher BLDM. The predictive value of molecular markers (p53, EGFR, ATM, CHK2) in multimodally treated squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(10):1404-8.
• Murray L, Sedo A, Scott M, McManus D, Sloan JM, Hardie LJ. TP53 and progression from Barrett’s metaplasia to oesophageal adeno-carcinoma in a UK population cohort. Gut. 2006;55:1390-7.
• Weston AP, Banerjee SK, Sharma P, Tran TM, Richards R, Cherian R. p53 protein overexpression in low grade dysplasia (LGD) in Barrett’s esophagus: immunohistochemical marker predictive of progression. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:1355-62.
• Pech O, May A, Manner H, Behrens A, Pohl J, Weferling M. Long term efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection for patients with mucosal adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(3):652-60.
• Higuchi K, Tanabe S, Azuma M, Katada C, Sasaki T, Ishido K. A phase II study of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal neoplasms (KDOG 0901). Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78(5):704-10.
• Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, Kelly A, Keeling N, Henessy TP. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esopha-geal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(7):462-7.
• Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Reed CE, Goldberg R. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(7):1086-92.
• Van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366 (22):2074-84.
• Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A, Iannettoni M, Forastiere A, Strawderman M. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(2):305-13.
• Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Gebski V, Fitzgerald L, Simes RJ, Devitt P. Surgery alone versus chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for resectable cancer of the oesophagus: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(9):659-68.
• Wang DB, Zhang X, Han HL, Xu YJ, Sun DQ, Shi ZL. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy could improve survival outcomes for esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(12):3226-33.
• Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, Zalcberg JR, Simes RJ, Barbour A. Survival after neoadyuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(7):681-92.
• Ronellenfithsch U, Schwarzbach M, Hofheinz R, Kienle P, Kieser M, Slanger TE. Preopeative chemoradiotherapy versus primary surgery for gastroesophageal adenocarcinom: systemic review with meta-analysis combining individual patient and aggregate data. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(15): 3149-58.
• Orringer MB, Marshall B, Iannettoni MD. Transhiatal esophagectomy; clinical experience and refinements. Ann Surg. 1999;230(3):392-400.
• Bizekis C, Kent MS, Luketich JD, Buenaventura PO, Landreneau RJ, Schuchert MJ. Initial experience with minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(2):402-6; discussion 406-7.
• Al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A, Leichman L, Brindle JS, Vaitkevicius, VK. Progress report of combined chemoradiothera-py versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroug study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(1):277-84.
• Herskovic A, Martz K, al-Sarraf M, Leichman L, Brindle J, Vaitkevicius V. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med, 1992;326(24):1593-8.
• Battersby NJ, Bonney GK, Subar D, Talbot L, Decadt B, Lynch N. Outcomes following oesophageal stent insertion for palliation of malignant structures: a large single centre series. J Surg Oncol. 2012;105(1):60-5.
• Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H, Leers J, Ell C, Hölscher AH. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus at two high volume centers. Ann Surg. 2011;254(1):62-72.
• Kranzfelder M, Shcuster T, Geinitz H, Friess H, Büchler P. Meta-analysis of neoadyuvant treatment modalities and definitive non surgical therapy for oesophageal squamous cell cancer. Br J Surg. 2011;98(6):768-83.
• Minsky BD, Pajak TF, Ginsberg RJ, Pisansky TM, Martenson J, Komaki R. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high dose ver-sus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(5):1167-74.
• Van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophagealor junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2074-84.
• Stahl M, Stuschke M, Lehmann N, Meyer HJ, Walz MK, Seeber S. Chemoradiation with and without surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2310-7.
• Arida H, Nemoto K, Miyazaki S, Yoshioka T, Ogawa Y, Sakayauchi T. Prospective comparison of surgery alone and chemoradiotherapy with selective surgery in resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(2):348-56.
• Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, Nicolson M. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(1):11-20.
• Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Reed CE, Goldberg R. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy and surgery. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Mar 1;26(7):1086-92.
• Homs MY, Steyerberg EW, Eijkenboom WN, Tilanus HW, Stalpers LJ, Bartelsman JM. Single dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre ran-domised trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9444):1497-504.
• Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung HC, Shen L, Sawaki A. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER-2 positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal juncion cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010:376 (9742):687-97.
• Cunningham D, Starling N, Rag S, Iveson T, Nicolson M, Coxon F. Capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced esophagogastric cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(1):36-46.
• Doi T, Piha-Paul SA, Jala SI, Mai-Dhang H, Yuan S, Yuan S. Pembrolizumab for patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma: preliminary results. 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting.
• Fuchs CS, Tomasek J, Yong CJ, Dumitru F, Passalacqua R, Goswami C. Ramucirumab monotherapy for previosusly treated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an internacional, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lan-cet. 2014;383:31.
• Wilke H, Muro K, Van Cutsem E, Oh SC, Bodoky G, Shimada Y. Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patines with previously treated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(11):1224-35.