Pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista en odontopediatría

Abstract

The Autism Spectrum Disorders cover a range of developmental brain disorders that can cause significant problems at the level of socialization, communication and behavior. The American Psychiatric Association classifies them as: autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not specified and Rett’s syndrome. The etiology is multifactorial with interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Currently, it is unknown which they are and how they interact with potential environmental elements on genetic susceptibility. The autism spectrum disorders are difficult to diagnose; and for this, the behavioral assessment and development of the child is required. They are usually detected around 18 months and males are being affected to a greater extent. Early detection is important because the results of early therapy provide greater and more rapid improvement than later intervention. These disorders, by themselves, do not have different oral characteristics to those found in patients without this pathology, however, the risk increases due to the limited capacity of understanding and assuming responsibilities in oral health, which can severely heighten index of caries and periodontal disease. Moreover, a higher incidence of parafunctional habits and self-harm have been found. The dental management of these patients is complex and demand proper interaction between the patient and the dentist. Because they are patients who require specialized care and monitoring is essential that professionals have a proper training.